Modeling Environmental Literacy of Malaysian Pre-University Students

APA 6th edition
In-text: (Shamuganathan & Karpudewan, 2015)
Your Bibliography: Shamuganathan, S. & Karpudewan, M. (2015). Modeling Environmental Literacy of Malaysian Pre-University Students. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(5), 757-771. doi: 10.12973/ijese.2015.264a

Harvard
In-text: (Shamuganathan and Karpudewan, 2015)
Your Bibliography: Shamuganathan, S. and Karpudewan, M. (2015). Modeling Environmental Literacy of Malaysian Pre-University Students. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(5), pp. 757-771.

Chicago 16th edition
In-text: (Shamuganathan and Karpudewan 2015)
Your Bibliography: Shamuganathan, Sheila and Mageswary Karpudewan (2015). "Modeling Environmental Literacy of Malaysian Pre-University Students". International Journal of Environmental and Science Education 10 (5):757-771. doi:10.12973/ijese.2015.264a.

Abstract

In this study attempt was made to model the environmental literacy of Malaysian pre-university students enrolled in a matriculation college. Students enrolled in the matriculation colleges in Malaysia are the top notch students in the country. Environmental literacy of this group is perceived important because in future these students will be joining work force that requires important decision making. Environmental Literacy Model of these students is explained using environmental attitude, belief, conservation knowledge and Responsible Environmental Behavior (REB) with knowledge as a mediator. For this purpose data has been collected from 384 students (114 male and 270 female) and analyzed using covariance based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) approach. The result shows that REB is influenced by the students’ attitude and belief towards performing REB and knowledge about the environmental issues. On the other hand, students’ belief towards the environment does not influence the formation of REB. Furthermore students’ knowledge also does not mediate the influence of belief on the REB. These findings imply that individual who possess certain desirable attitude, belief and conservation knowledge have more tendencies to engage in REB. The results suggest that the matriculation colleges should integrate approaches that could promote attitude, belief and conservation knowledge into the mainstream of education.

Keywords: environmental literacy, pre-university, covariance based structural equation modeling

References

Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior . In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). Heidelberg: Springer

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Aziz, A. A., Sheikh, S. N. S., Yusof, K. M., Udin, A., & Yatim, J. M. (2012). Developing a structural model of assessing students’ knowledge-attitudes towards sustainability. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 56, 513-522.

Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.

Barber, J. S. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: considering drives, proximity and dynamics. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 31-35.

Byrne, B. M. (2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(2), 272-300.

Chan, N. W. (1988). Responding to landslide hazards in rapidly developing Malaysia: a case of economics versus environmental protection. Disaster Prevention and Management, 7(1), 14-27.

Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 655-690): Springer. Berlin Heidelberg.

Day, N., & Muhammad, A. B. (2011). Malaysia: The Atlas of Islamic-world Science and Innovation Country Case Study No. 1.London: Royal Society.

De Groot, J., & Steg, L. (2007). General beliefs and the theory of planned behavior: The role of environmental concerns in the TPB. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37 (8) 1817-1836.

Disinger, J. F., & Roth, C. E. (1992). Environmental Literacy. ERIC/CSMEE Digest, Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics and Environmental Education (ED 35120).

Economic Planning Unit. (2001). Ninth Malaysian plan 2006-2010. Putrajaya: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad).

Erdogan, M., Marcinkowski, T., & Ok, A. (2009). Content analysis of selected features of K‐8 environmental education research studies in Turkey, 1997–2007. Environmental Education Research, 15(5), 525-548.

Fietkau, H.J., & Kessel, H. (1981). Umweltlernen: Veränderungsmöglichkeiten des Umweltbewusstseins. Modelle – Erfahrungen. Königstein/Ts.: Hain. In: Schahn, J. & Giesinger, T. (1993; Ed.): Psychologie für den Umweltschutz. Hemsbach: Psychologie Verlags Union.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Retrieved on 10 July 2014 from http://worldcat.org/isbn/0201020890

Flamm, B. (2009). The impacts of environmental knowledge and attitudes on vehicle ownership and use. Transportation research part D: transport and environment, 14(4), 272-279.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50.

Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., Dunham, R. B., & Pierce, J. L. (1998). Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58(6), 898-915.

Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-graph. Tutorial and annotated example.Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 5.

Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.

Hayduk, L. A., & Littvay, L. (2012). Should researchers use single indicators, best indicators, or multiple indicators in structural equation models? BMC medical research methodology, 12(1), 159.

Hines J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behaviour: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8.

Hsu, S.-J., & Roth, R. E. (1996). An assessment of environmental knowledge and attitudes held by community leaders in the Hualien area of Taiwan. The Journal of Environmental Education, 28(1), 24-31.

Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1977). Science in the Elementary School: A Worktext: Champaign, III: Stipes.

Hungerford H. R.,& Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8-21.

Hwang, Y.H., Kim, S.-I., & Jeng, J.M. (2000). Examining the causal relationships among selected antecedents of responsible environmental behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(4), 19-25.

Ibrahim, R. (2004). Promoting environmental literacy in Malaysian society- challenges and opportunities. Jurnal Pengajian Umum Bil, 5, 51.

Ibrahim, R., Amin, L., & Yaacob, M. (2011). Promoting environmental literacy through general education at the university level: UKM’s experience. The International Journal of Learning, 17(12), 151-160.

Jannah, M., Halim, L., Meerah, T., & Fairuz, M. (2013). Impact of environmental education kit on students' environmental literacy. Asian Social Science, 9(12), p.1.

Jöreskog, K. G., Yang, F., Marcoulides, G., & Schumacker, R. (1996). Nonlinear structural equation models: The Kenny-Judd model with interaction effects. Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques, 57-88.

Kaiser, F. G., Wölfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour. Journal of Environmental psychology, 19(1), 1-19.

Karimi, L., Ahmad, T., & Badariah, T. (2013). Perceived learning and satisfaction in a blended Teacher Education Program: An experience of Malaysian Teacher Trainees. Contemporary Educational Technology, 4(3), 197-211

Karpudewan, M., Ismail, Z., & Roth, W. M. (2012). Ensuring sustainability of tomorrow through green chemistry integrated with sustainable development concepts (SDCs). Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 13(2), 120-127.

Kempton, W. (1986). Two theories of home heat control. Cognitive Science, 10(1), 75-90.

Kollmus, A., & Agyemen, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260.

Lee, L.S., Lin, Y. K., Guu, Y. H., Chang, L. T., & Lai, C. C. (2013). The effect of hands-on ‘energy-saving house’ learning activities on elementary school students’ knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding energy saving and carbon-emissions reduction, Environmental Education Research, 19(5), 620-638.

Malandrakis, G., Boyes, E., & Stanisstreet, M. (2011). Global warming: Greek students’ belief in the usefulness of pro-environmental actions and their intention to take action. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 68(6), 947-963.

Meerah, T. S. M., Halim, L., & Nadeson, T. (2010). Environmental citizenship: What level of knowledge, attitude, skill and participation the students own? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 5715-5719.

MOE. (2004). The development of education. National report of Malaysia by Ministry of Education. Retrieved on 10 July 2014, from http:// URL: www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE47/English/Natreps/reports/malaysia.pdf

Moody, G. L., & Hartel, P. G. (2007). Evaluating an environmental literacy requirement chosen as a method to produce environmentally literate university students. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 8(3), 355-370.

Olson, R., & Rothkrug, P. (1991). Mending the Earth: A World for Our Grandchildren. North Atlantic Books. 2800 Woolsey Street, Berkeley, CA 94705.

Oreg, S., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2006). Predicting proenvironmental behavior cross-nationally values, the theory of planned behavior, and value-belief-norm theory. Environment and Behavior, 38(4), 462-483.

Ozsoy, S., Ertepinar, H., & Saglam, N. (2012). Can eco-schools improve elementary school students’ environmental literacy levels? In Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching Vol. 13(2). Hong Kong Institute of Education. New Territories, Hong Kong.

Pe'er, S., Goldman, D., & Yavetz, B. (2007). Environmental literacy in teacher training: attitudes, knowledge, and environmental behavior of beginning students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 39(1), 45-59.

Rajecki, D. (1982). Attitudes: themes and advances. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Ramayah, T., Lee, J. W. C., & Lim, S. (2012). Sustaining the environment through recycling: An empirical study. Journal of Environmental Management, 102, 141-147.

Rockcastle, V. (1989). Environmental literacy: Philosophy, content, strategies. Nature Study, 43(1-2), 8-9.

Rodríguez-Barreiro, L. M., Fernández-Manzanal, R., Serra, L. M., Carrasquer, J., Murillo, M. B., Morales, M. J., Calvo, J. M., & Valle, J. d. (2013). Approach to a causal model between attitudes and environmental behaviour. A graduate case study.Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 116-125.

Roth, C. E. (1968). On the road to conservation. Massachusetts Audubon, 52 (4) 38-41.

Roth, C. E. (1984). Elements of a workable strategy for developing and maintaining nationwide environmental literacy.Nature Study, 37, 46-48.

Roth, C. E. (1992). Environmental Literacy: Its Roots, Evolution and Directions in the 1990s. Colombus, ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics and environment Education.

Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 221-279.

Smyth, J. C. (1995). Environment and education: A view of a changing scene. Environmental Education Research, 1(1), 3-120.

Spector, P. E. (1994). Using self‐report questionnaires in OB research: A comment on the use of a controversial method.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5), 385-392.

Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309-317.

Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (1993). Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern. Environment and Behavior, 25(5), 322-348.

Stevenson, R. B. (2007). Schooling and environmental education: Contradictions in purpose and practice. Environmental Education Research, 13(2), 139-153.

Taylor, N., Tamar, D., Jenkins, K., & Kenelly, J. (2007). Environmental knowledge and attitude among a cohort of pre-service primary school teachers in Fuji. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 16(4), 131-149.

Tbilisi Convention. (1977). The Tbilisi Declaration. Intergovernmental Conference on Education. October 14-26, 1977.

Teksoz, G., Sahin, E., & Tekkaya-Oztekin, C. (2012). Modeling environmental literacy of university students. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(1), 157-166.

UNESCO. (2006). UN Decade of education for sustainable development education (2005-2014): International implementation scheme (Paris, UNESCO). Retrieved on 10 July 2014, from http://www.gdrc.org/sustdev/undesd/implementation-scheme.pdf

Vaske, J. J., & Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(4), 16-21.

Wen, W. C., & Lu, S. Y. (2013). Marine environmental protection knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and curricular involvement of Taiwanese primary school students in senior grades. Environmental Education Research, 19(5), 600-619.

Wilke, R. (1995). Environmental literacy and the college curriculum-colleges and universities have a challenge to meet.Environmental Protection Agency Journal, 21, 28-30.