(2019)
(2019)
(2019)
(2019)
(2019)
(2019)
(2019)
(2019)
(2019)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2018)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2016)
(2016)
Special Issue - (2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2016)
(2015)
(2015)
Special Issue - (2015)
(2015)
(2015)
(2015)
(2012)
(2012)
(2012)
Special Issue - (2012)
pp. 375-387 | Article Number: ijese.2019.031
Published Online: August 20, 2019
Abstract
The processing of natural rubber is one of the potential industries that is growing rapidly in Indonesia. In rubber processing stage, number of pollution problems occur, such as unpleasant odor from the chemical and biological process. Ammonia is one of crucial pollutants resulted. According to Decree of Ministry of Environment No. 50/1996, ammonia levels in air must be less than 2 ppm. Biofiltration becomes one of removal techniques that continues to be developed. In this work, an engineering design for reducing ammonia levels from natural rubber processed materials was prepared for capacity of 10 L. The prototype of the system was prepared for industrial applications. Rubber Processed Materials (RPM) sample was stored in a storage and then connected to the line system to the biofilter. The prototype of multibed biofilter was created and successfully tested to reach the target of ammonia removal efficiency of 98%. The filter media used was activated carbon and compost. The nitrifying bacteria was added with a dose of 2% filter volume. Gas from the rubber storage room flowed at the rate of 12 L/min and the optimal ratio of rubber material to volume of storage room is 0.52-1.81.
Keywords: ammonia, biofilter, odor, nitrification, rubber processed materials
References
Azahar, N. M., Hassan, N. A., Jaya, R. P., Kadir, M. A., Yunus, N. Z. M., & Mahmud, M. Z. H. (2016). An Overview on Natural Rubber Application for Asphalt Modification. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantation, 2, 212-218. Retrieved from http://ijafp.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/KLIAFP2_34.pdf
Baquerizo, G., Maestre, J. P., Sakuma, T., Deshusses, M.A., Gamisans, X., Gabriel, D., & Lafuente, J. (2005). A Detailed Model of a Biofilter For Ammonia Removal: Model Parameters Analysis and Model Validation. Chem. Eng. J., 11(2-3), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.03.003
Bhowmick, A. K., & Stephens, H. (2000). Handbook of elastomers. CRC Press.
Chen, L. (2008). Mitigating Odors from Animal Facilities using Biofilters. Theses. IOWA State University.
Choi, J. H., Kim, Y. H., Joo, D. J., Choi, S. J., Ha, T. W., Lee, D. H., Park, I. H., & Jeong, Y. S. (2003). Removal of Ammonia by Biofilters: a Study with Flow‐Modified System and Kinetics. J. of the Air & Waste Management Asc., 53(1), 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466115
Chou, M.-S., & Wang, C.-H. (2007). Treatment of Ammonia in Air Stream by Bio trickling Filter. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 7(1), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2006.09.0014
Cracium, G., Manalia, E., & Stelescu, M. D. (2016). New Elastomeric Materials based on Natural Rubber Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation for Food and Pharmaceutical Use. Materials, 9(12), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9120999
Das, J., Rene, E. R., Dupont, C., Dufourny, A., Blin, J., & van Hullesbusch, E. D. (2019). Performance of a Compost and Bio Char Packed biofilter for Gas-Phase Hydrogen Sulfide Removal. Bioresource Technology, 273, 581-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.052
Deshusses, M. A., & Johnson, C. T. (2000). Development and Validation of a Simple Protocol to Rapidly Determine the Performance of Biofilters for VOC Treatment. Environ. Sci. Technol, 34, 461-467. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9909172
Devinny, J. S., Deshusses, M. A., & Webster, T. S. (2017). Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control. Pub. location Boca Raton. Imprint CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315138275
Gopal, V., Rao, A. G., & Prasad, M. D. (2014). Biofilter for the Purification of Air Contaminated with Triethylamine (TEA). GRIN Verlag, 2(1), 295-302. Retrieved from http://www.journalijar.com/uploads/506_IJAR-2452.pdf
Jinanan, J., & Leungprasert, S. (2015). Feasibility Study of Low Cost Biofilter to Control Ammonia from Livestock Farms. International Journal of Research in Chemical, Metallurgical, and Civil Engineering, 2(1), 1-8. Retrieved from http://iieng.org/images/proceedings_pdf/9122IAE0715402.pdf
Kavyashree, B., Ramya, N., Sanjay, U. A., Chandan, K., Shilpa, B., & Rashmi, M. (2015). Ammonia Gas Removal using Biofilter. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering, and Technology, 2(7), 110-114. https://doi.org/10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2724
Kim, H., Kim, Y. J., Chung, J. S., & Xie, Q. (2002). Long Term Operation of a Biofilter for Simultaneous Removal of H2S and NH3. J. of the Air & Waste Management Asc, 52, 1389-1398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470871
Kim, N. J., Hirai, M., & Shoda, M. (2000). Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Packing Materials in the Removal of Ammonia Gas in Biofilters. Journal of hazardous materials, 72, 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00160-0
La Pagans, E., Font, X., & Sanchez, A. (2005). Biofiltration for Ammonia Removal from Composting Exhaust Gases. Chemical Engineering Journal, 113, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.03.004
Liang, Y., Quan, X., Chen, J., Chung, J. S., Sung, J. Y., Chen, S., Xue, D., & Zhao, Y. (2000). Long Term Result of Ammonia Removal and Transformation by Biofiltration. J. of Hazardous Mat. B, 80, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00314-9
McKie, M. J., Bertoia, C., Taylor-Edmonds, L., Andrews, S. A., & Andrews, R. C. (2019). Pilot-Scale Comparison of Cyclically and Continuously Operated Drinking Water Biofilters: Evaluation of Biomass, Biological Activity and Treated Water Quality. Water Research, 149, 488-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.033
Oktiani, D., & Marthalia, W. (2017). Ammonia Gas Biofiltration by Nitrosomonas Sp. and Nitrobacter Sp. for Rubber Industry. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik, 6(1), 163-176.
Sekhar, B. C. (2005). Process for eliminating the traditional rubber smell from processed raw natural rubber. International Publication Patent No WO 2005/030808 A1. World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau
Shahmansouri, M. R., Taghipour, H., Bina, B., & Movahedian, H. (2005). Biological Removal of Ammonia from Contaminated Air Streams Using Biofiltration System. Iranian J Env Health Sci Eng, 2(2) 17-25. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6c27/b80b846f6623fe1221646b5fde1d381d5a71.pdf
Sun, Y., Clanton, C. J., Janni, K. A., & Malzer, G. L. (2000). Sulfur and Nitrogen Balances in Biofilter for Odorous Gas Emission Control. Trans ASAE, 43, 1861-1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.3091
Thomas, S., Chan, C., Othen, L., Joy, J., & Maria, H. (2013). Composites and Nanocomposites. Natural Rubber Materials, (2). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Tsang, Y. F., Wang, Y. N., Wang, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Chua, H. (2017). Biodegradation of Ammonia in Biofiltration Systems: Changes of Metabolic Products and Microbial Communities. Nitrification and Denitrification. Intech Open, Chapter 4, 57-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68155
Yang, H., Li, D., Zang, H., & Zhang, J. (2019). Impact of Mn and Ammonia on Nitrogen Conversion in Biofilter Coupling Nitrification and ANAMMOX that Simultaneously Removes Fe, Mn and Ammonia. Science of the Total Environment, 648, 955-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.223
Zhang B., Huang H., Wang Y., Ding, L., & Wang P. (2017). Effect of Maturation Time of Coagulum of Fresh Natural Rubber Latex on Oxidation Kinetics of Natural Rubber. Advances in Computer Science Research, 71, 1244-1250. https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmita-16.2016.229
Zhang, Y., Kong, M., Hua, M., Wang, L., Zhou, M., Peng, F., … Jiang, H. (2019). Association of robust nitrogen removal with spatiotemporal nitrifying bacterial community dynamics in water bioreactor for treatment of simulated livestock wastewater with high ammonia content. J. of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 94, 618-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5809
Zhao, X. (2018). Simulation Experiment Study on Biological filter Removal Ammonia Odor during Composting. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 153, 022014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/153/2/022014