The prospects of social and economic development of Russia are related to the studying of variety and features of its regions. The task of the regional history researcher is considering and describing his own samples of variety of the Russian regions. The NEP period is noted, on one hand, by quick recovery of domestic industries, and on the another hand, by the change of an overall picture of their development in the era of new economic policy, in the agrarian region of Russia after destructive impact of an October revolution of 1917, the Civil war and policy of "military communism". The most widespread peasant crafts of the 1920th in comparison with pre-revolutionary time, their conditions of development, special lines, development tendencies, influence of crafts on various categories of peasant farms are shown in this paper. The methodological basis of this research was constituted by historical and genetic, historical and comparative methods, the method of historical and typological analysis, as well as methods of the quantitative and correlation analysis. This article is based on the analysis both published sources and archival sources stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russia’s State Archive of the socio political history, the State Archive of Economy, the State Archive of the Voronezh region. The specific historical researches provided in the article show specialization of local economy, everyday life of peasants, their knowledge of life and creativity.

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